Abstract: Titanium and titanium based alloys are well established as ideal implant biomaterials and moreover tremendous attention was given in the last 20 years to nanoscale surface modifications as it leads to improved biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Electrochemical anodization is the most widely used method for growing self-organized TiO2 nanostructures, as nanotubes, nanopores, mesoporous, etc. [1,2]. Their widespread use is mostly enabled by the nanoscale topography, large surface area, directional charge and ion transport properties, exclusion effects and defined diffusion behaviour. In regard to biomedical applications, the nanotopography of the surface as well as its high surface are clearly affecting their use in specific applications (such as osseointegration, antibacterial activity, drug delivery, mitigation of the inflammatory response, etc.) [1-3]. From this respect, anodization allows growing of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes directly on the metallic substrate, as well as scalability, adaptability to other substrates such as alloys, and very good control over the nanoscale geometry [1]. Cells react to such nanoscale dimensions and can be synergistically influenced by the nanostructures morphology (e.g. nanotube diameter) and/or by addition of growth factors [1,2]. Herein we discuss an overview of the influence of the anodization parameters for obtaining different nanotubular morphologies and their effect on the top morphology of the nanotubes (initiation layer, open-top, nanograss) as well as crucial aspects of nanostructuring via anodization tailored for biomedical applications. In addition we present a very synthetic overview of the effect of such morphologies in view of biomedical applications [3-5] and their tremendous advantage for further use in biomedical applications.

Keywords: Electrochemical anodization, TiO2 nanotubes, Biomedical applications.

References
[1] K. Lee; A. Mazare; P. Schmuki Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9385.
[2] M. Kulkarni; A. Mazare; E. Gongadze; S. Perutkova; V. Kralj-Iglič; I. Milosev; P. Schmuki; A. Iglič Nanotechnology 2015, 26, 062002.
[3] R. Ion, M.G. Necula, A. Mazare, V. Mitran, P. Neacsu, P. Schmuki, A. Cimpean, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2020, 20, 1.
[4] M.H. Kafshgari, A. Mazare, M. Distaso, W.H. Goldmann, W. Peukert, B. Fabry, P. Schmuki, , ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2019, 11(16), 14980.
[5] A. Mazare, J. Park, S. Simons, S. Mohajernia, I. Hwang, J.E. Yoo, H. Schneider, M.J. Fischer, P. Schmuki, Acta Biomaterialia, 2019, 97, 681.

Biography: Anca Mazare studied Chemical Engineering and her Master degree in Biocompatible Substances, Materials and Systems both at Politechnica University of Bucharest, Romania, and received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from Politechnica University of Bucharest, Romania, in 2012 under the supervision of Prof. I. Demetrescu. She joined the group of Prof. P. Schmuki at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany in 2012 as a postdoctoral fellow where she has been working on synthesis and modification of semiconductor nanomaterials for biomedical and energy-related applications.